Yellow Fever essays

Yellow Fever expositions Yellow Fever, or Flavivirus Taxon, is an infection that executes 30,000 individuals yearly. It is conveyed by mosquitoes, which feed on people. As of now, it is just found in South America and Africa. It is non-infectious and must be gotten once. Somebody could tell in the event that they have Yellow Fever in the event that they have an abrupt beginning of a fever and a migraine, trailed by jaundice. Following a couple of days the transporter will have dark regurgitation and seep from the mouth. As a rule passing will happen inside four to eight days after they contract the infection. There is no genuine treatment of the infection, just things you can do to treat it transiently. The individual must drink a great deal of water to forestall lack of hydration. Try not to give the tainted headache medicine since it might cause seeping; rather use paracetamol. In conclusion, the individual must remain in bed and rest. Despite the fact that most cases bring about death, some endure. There is an immunization accessible for Yellow Fever, which was made by Max Theiler in 1939. It is a live antibody that goes on for around ten years. The manner in which the immunization works is the Yellow Fever protein coat is infused into the body, without the DNA in the protein coat. The Helper-T cell recognizes the infection as hurtful and calls a multitude of B-cells and Killer-T cells. The B-cells make antibodies, which append to the antigen. The Killer-T cells at that point eat the antigen/neutralizer complex. With the immunization the body assembles insusceptibility to the infection. On the off chance that it were the real infection the individual could endure, yet theyd presumably kick the bucket of heart, liver, or kidney disappointment. The liver harm causes additional yellow bile in skin shade, making the individual turn yellowish; henceforth the name Yellow Fever. The infection additionally causes discharging. Individuals began getting Yellow Fever when fabricating the Panama Canal. In 1881 Carlos Finlay inferred that Yellow Fever was contracted from mosquitoes. Walter Reed later affirmed this in 1901. This issue was comprehended by sa ... <!

Biometrics Essay -- Science Scientific Essays

Biometrics The term biometrics is generally known as the field of advancement of factual and numerical strategies appropriate to information examination issues in the natural sciences. However, significantly more as of late it has taken on an entirely different definition. Biometrics is a stunning new theme alluding to â€Å"the developing field of innovation dedicated to the distinguishing proof of people utilizing natural qualities, in light of retinal or iris filtering, fingerprints, or face recognition†. Biometrics has just started utilizing applications that run from participation following a period clock to security checkpoints with an enormous volume of individuals. The developing field of biometrics has truly been made famous by two things, the innovative advances made inside the most recent 20 years, and the developing danger of security and fear mongering among individuals everywhere throughout the world. In this paper I will concentrate on: the developing field of biometrics, why it is essential to our future, how the United States government has assumed a job in its turn of events and use, the dangers in question, the suggestions on open protection, and further proposals got from everywhere throughout the science and innovation field. Biometrics has truly been a spellbinding piece of observing new age motion pictures and modern stars acquire the 21st century. However, most normal individuals don’t even recognize what is behind these charming â€Å"tricks†, and what truly characterizes as a piece of the Biometrics field. Something as basic as a pin number you use for an ATM machine would qualify as a component of this domain. Other social qualities can be things, for example, a voice print, or a mark. Biometrics can likewise turn out to be so innovatively propelled that they can utilize video reconnaissance to examine who goes all through a region... ...in security and freedom in any case, you need to test existing known limits. Seeing all perspectives on the issue of biometrics made me see that we are in an ideal situation with it than without it. In the long run the enactment will be passed, and biometrics will become all-good, and become as normal as a lock on your entryway. Simply one more safety effort to keep every one of us sheltered as a family, as an area, as a state, lastly, as a country. Book reference http://www.biometricscatalog.org/ http://biometrics.dod.mil/content.aspx?navid=2&pageID=168 http://biometrics.org/html/introduction.html http://www.computer.org/itpro/landing page/Jan_Feb/security3.htm http://www.eff.org/Privacy/Surveillance?biometrics/ http://www.prcisebiometrics.com/ http://stat.tamu.edu?~biometrics/definition.html http://archives.cnn.com/2001/Tech/processing/01/17/biometrics.future.idg/

Blog Archive Mission Admission The Thank You Letter

Blog Archive Mission Admission The Thank You Letter Mission Admission is a series of MBA admission tips; a new one is posted each Tuesday. After visiting campus or interviewing, many candidates choose to write thank you letters to their respective hosts. So, what makes a good thank you note? 1) Personalization: When writing to your host/interviewer, show sincerity by personalizing your letter. By handwriting your letter and mentioning specifics about your conversation and experiences, you will continue to foster your connection with your interviewer and show that your interaction truly made an impression. 2) Brevity: Your letter should be no more than a few sentences long. If you write several paragraphs, you run the risk of creating the negative impression that you are trying too hard or that you simply do not respect limits (possibly even suggesting that you might carry on too long in class). By being brief and sincere, you will instead make a powerful impression that will yield results. 3) Speed: Send your letter within two or three days of your visit, at the most. After a week, your interest may logically fall into question, or your host may simply forget some of the details of your conversation that you are trying to reinforce. By writing your letter immediately, you will create the impression that you have been energized by the experience and are eager to maintain your connection. Thank you notes are generally not  a “make or break” aspect of your candidacy, but they can establish continuity and demonstrate your continued interest to your target schools representatives. We encourage candidates to follow up with such notes  because they are a low-cost way of reinforcing a positive impression/relationship. Share ThisTweet Mission Admission

How Can You Stretch a Paper to Make It Longer

For some students, writing a long paper is a breeze. For others, the thought of writing a ten-page paper is dreadful. For them, it seems like every time they get an assignment, they write all of the information they can think of and end up a few pages short. For students who struggle to come up with a lengthy paper, it might be helpful to start with an outline, complete a first draft of the paper, then fill in sub-topics under the main topics of your outline. An initial outline of a paper about A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens might contain the following topics: Intro and overview of the bookEbenezer Scrooge characterBob Cratchit and familyScrooge shows cruel tendenciesScrooge walks homeVisited by three ghostsScrooge becomes nice Based on the outline above, you could probably come up with about three to five pages of writing. That can be pretty scary if you have a ten-page paper assignment. No need to panic. What you really have at this point is the foundation for your paper. Now it’s time to start filling in with some meat. Tips for Making Your Paper Longer 1. Give a historical background. Every book, in some way or another, reflects the cultural, social or political circumstances of its historical period. You can easily fill up a page or two with a description of the notable features of your book’s period and setting. A Christmas Carol takes place in London, England during the mid-nineteenth century—a time when it was common for poor children to labor in factories and poor parents to be locked up in debtor’s prisons. In much of his writing, Dickens demonstrated a deep concern for the plight of the poor. If you need to expand your paper on this book you could find a good resource on Victorian-era debtor’s prisons and write a lengthy but relevant passage on the topic. 2. Speak for your characters. This should be easy because your characters are really symbols for types of people—and that makes it easy to imagine what they would be thinking. Since Scrooge represents stinginess and selfishness, you could insert a few paragraphs like this to express his likely thoughts: Scrooge was annoyed at the two men who approached him to solicit money for the poor. He brooded over this annoyance as he walked toward his home. â€Å"Why should he give his hard-earned money to shiftless, lazy, good-for-nothings?† he wondered. If you do something like this in three or four places, youll soon fill an entire extra page. 3. Explore the symbolism. Any work of fiction will contain symbolism. While it might take a little time to get a good grasp of seeing the symbolism behind people and things, you’ll find that it’s a great page-filling topic once you get a knack. Every character in A Christmas Carol symbolizes some element of humanity. Scrooge is a symbol of greed, while his poor but humble employee Bob Cratchit represents goodness and patience. The sickly but always cheerful Tiny Tim is the epitome of innocence and vulnerability. When you start to explore the traits of your characters and determine the facets of humanity that they represent, you’ll find that this topic is good for a page or two. 4. Psychoanalyze the author. Authors write from the gut, and they write from their experiences. Find a biography of the author and include it in your bibliography. Read the biography for signs of things that are related to the events or themes of the book you’re reporting about. For example, any brief biography of Dickens will tell you that Charles Dickens’ father spent time in a debtor’s prison. See how that could fit into your paper? You can spend several paragraphs talking about the events in the author’s life that appear in the book he wrote. 5. Make a comparison. If you are really struggling to stretch your paper, you might want to select another book from the same author (or with some other common characteristic) and do a point by point comparison. This is a great way to lengthen a paper, but it might be a good idea to check with your teacher first.

Antarctic Icefish Characteristics and Facts

True to their name, the Antarctic Icefish lives in the icy cold waters of the Arctic —and has icy-looking blood to match. Their cold habitat has given them some interesting features.   Most animals, like people, have red blood. The red of our blood is caused by hemoglobin, which carries oxygen throughout our body. Icefishes dont have hemoglobin, thus they have a whitish, nearly transparent blood. Their gills are also white. Despite this lack of hemoglobin, icefish can still get enough oxygen, although scientists arent sure quite how — it could be because they live in already oxygen-rich waters and might be able to absorb oxygen through their skin, or because they have large hearts and plasma which may help transport oxygen more easily. The first icefish was discovered in 1927 by zoologist Ditlef Rustad, who pulled up a strange, pale fish during an expedition to Antarctic waters. The fish he pulled up was eventually named the blackfin icefish (Chaenocephalus aceratus).   Description There are many species (33, according to WoRMS) of icefish in the Family Channichthyidae. These fish all have heads that look a little like a crocodile — so they are sometimes called crocodile icefishes. They have grayish, black or brown bodies, wide pectoral fins, and two dorsal fins that are supported by long, flexible spines. They can grow to a maximum length of about 30 inches.   Another fairly unique trait for icefish is that they dont have scales. This can aid in their ability to absorb oxygen through the ocean water.   Classification Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataSubphylum: VertebrataSuperclass: GnathostomataSuperclass: PiscesClass: ActinopterygiiOrder: PerciformesFamily: Channichthyidae Habitat, Distribution, and Feeding Icefish inhabit Antarctic and subantarctic waters in the Southern Ocean off Antarctica and southern South America. Even though they can live in waters that are only 28 degrees, these fish have antifreeze proteins that circulate through their bodies to keep them from freezing.   Icefish dont have swim bladders, so they spend much of their lives on the ocean bottom, although they also have a lighter skeleton than some other fish, which allows them to swim up into the water column at night to capture prey. They may be found in schools. Icefish eat plankton, small fish, and krill.   Conservation and Human Uses The lighter skeleton of icefish has a low mineral density. Humans with a low mineral density in their bone have a condition called osteopenia, which may be a precursor to osteoporosis. Scientists study icefish to learn more about osteoporosis in humans. Icefish blood also provides insights into other conditions, such as anemia, and how bones develop. The ability of icefish to live in freezing water without freezing can also help scientists learn about the formation of ice crystals and storage of frozen foods and even organs used for transplant.   Mackerel icefish are harvested, and the harvest is considered sustainable. A threat to icefish, however, is climate change — warming ocean temperatures could reduce the habitat that is suitable for this extreme cold water fish.

Compare And Contrast Beowulf And Sir Gawain And The Green...

Epic Heroes Across Medieval Culture In the literary works Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, an admirable warrior and knight are depicted. Although Sir Gawain and Beowulf both possess such characteristics as bravery and strength, readers can observe differences in other traits that make them heroes of their own time that is attributable to the societal mindset in which the poems were written. The goal of this essay is to compare and contrast how Beowulf, which was written in the early eleventh century, and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, which was written in the late fourteenth century, indicate an evolution in cultural ideals of values such as morality and virtue that ultimately differentiates the authors’ views of†¦show more content†¦Beowulf himself is half- human and half God; yet, Sir Gawain is a humble knight who does not boast of any superhuman ability. However, Sir Gawain possesses admirable traits that Beowulf lacks. In the late fourteenth century, or middle ages, knights were to be morally intact men and were held to a high ethical standard. Unlike Beowulf who is boastful, proud, and often test his limits, Sir Gawain is modest, cautious, and is a conscious decision maker. As this class progresses, I always find the role of women in each piece to be increasingly interesting and enjoy discussing them. In Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight alike, women are depicted as seductresses; however, Lady Bertilak’s sexual prowess was of central importance in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. In Beowulf, Enkidu’s introduction to human sexuality through his interaction with a hartlet leads her to be shamed. However, Lady Bertilak is one of the most prominent characters in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight although her role is essentially centered on her attempts to seduce Sir Gawain and get him to violate the oath of honesty that he vowed to her husband. This type of display goes against the Christian views that were emerging during the writing of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight because of its adulterous premises, yet Lady Bertilak is not humiliated as is the loose woman in Beowulf. Although this difference could simply be because of Lady Bertilak’s status as the lady of theShow MoreRelatedCompare and Contrast of Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight600 Words   |  3 PagesCompare and Contrast of Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Beowulf is an epic poem that was written in the Anglo-Saxon time period where only a few privileged people were able to read and write while Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, which is also an epic poem, was written in the Middle English time period where reading and writing was more wide-spread. While both the epic poem Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight have similar protagonists, the main character of each poem also hasRead More Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and Beowulf Essay499 Words   |  2 PagesSir Gawain and the Green Knight and Beowulf â€Å"My body, but for your blood, is barren of worth; And tis I have asked for this folly not fit for a King.† These are the words of a true hero. One who is willing to sacrifice his own existence for the life of another. These are the words and actions of Sir Gawain, a character from the beloved British tale, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Beowulf, another character from an ancient British epic entitled, Beowulf, is also portrayed as a â€Å"heroRead More Compare and contrast images of heroism in these two poems. Essay1421 Words   |  6 PagesCompare and contrast images of heroism in these two poems. Heroism is a trait that we seem to have no problem identifying, yet when asked to define what a hero is a myriad of answers emerge. This phenomenon is not unique to today’s society; the definition of a hero is something that is constantly under revision and debate. An example of this can be seen in two older pieces of English literature: Beowulf, written circa 750-900, and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, written circa 1375-1400Read More Epic of Beowulf Essay1818 Words   |  8 Pagesbook. I would like to compare and contrast Beowulf, Lanval, and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight with some of the modern day creations especially in looking at the values, and belief systems in all of the three â€Å"classic† stories. I will apologize in advance to those who will read this and are not familiar to the texts that are mentioned, due to restrictions in size I must mention all of my topics without specific description of how the stories are told, please at least read â€Å"Beowulf† before consideringRead MoreWomen s Unequal Portrayal, And The Struggle For Identity Of Female Writers1777 Words   |  8 Pagesthe moth // And from a woman a woman’s wickedness.† The Judeo-Christian creation myth, where â€Å"man was not made from woman, but woman from man† gave the philosophical ‘proof’ of inequality. One of the most illogical representations of women, in contrast to Eve as a selfish temptress, is the Virgin Mary. She was an immaculate motherhood figure, but remained ‘uncorrupted’, which obviously was unattainable for real women. The dual imagery of the Madonna and the ‘Gateway to Sin’ established that womenRead MoreThe Sonnet Form: William Shakespeare6305 Words   |  26 PagesShakespeare’s Sonnets William Shakespeare The Sonnet Form A sonnet is a fourteen-line lyric poem, traditionally written in iambic pentameter—that is, in lines ten syllables long, with accents falling on every second syllable, as in: â€Å"Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?† The sonnet form first became popular during the Italian Renaissance, when the poet Petrarch published a sequence of love sonnets addressed to an idealized woman named Laura. Taking firm hold among Italian poets, the sonnet

Change Readiness Review Airline Industry in Hong Kong

Question: Describe about the Change Readiness Review for Airline Industry in Hong Kong. Answer: Section 1: Industry: Airline Identifies and justifies the focus of the review The airline industry in Hong Kong is connected with urban centres in Asia as well as half of the population of the world with 5 hours of flight distance. Currently, more than 100 airlines are operated about 1,100 flights daily, links the international airport of Hong Kong to about 190 destinations (Song, van der Veen and Chen 2012). Hong Kong International Airport is the third busiest international passenger airport in the world. In the year 2015, Hong Kong had signed air services agreements with almost 68 aviation partners. The airline industries of Hong Kong is divided into both cargoes as well as passenger sectors. Future back approach in airline industry of Hong Kong The airline industry of Hong Kong is estimated to grow approximately 5% annually in the next five years (Chen and Hu 2013). The air traffic to as well as from the Mainland will reach 2.1 million trips by the year 2030. The cargo traffic will reach 44 million tonnes. In the next 3-5 years, the volume of passengers, aircraft movements as well as cargo will become doubled (Lo, Wan and Zhang 2015). As the airline industries of Hong Kong handles maximum capacity, therefore they will require expanding their airport in order to meet its long-term demand of their customers. The airline industry should also focus on reducing the cost lies in the efficiency of fuels (Tsui and Fung 2016). The airline industries of Hong Kong have sufficient funds to modernize their fleet in order to incorporate fuel-efficient. As planes are expensive, therefore this approach should require implementing in line with long-term carrier plans for configuration of their network. There should be a programmatic expansi on of routes over a period of years. Chart 1: Air Traffic Movements/year (Actual Statistics and Estimates) (Source: Lo, Wan and Zhang 2015, pp-461) Identification of significant trends and impact on nature of change landscape The airline industry of Hong Kong is being hampered by profit margins, forcing carriers in order to focus on decrease of cost as well as revenue growth through enhanced interactions with the customers (Ha et al. 2013). The airline industry should focus on top-line growth due to limited profitability is based on revenue gains. It should increase the productivity to increase the profit margins. The commercial airlines will navigate several significant trends that will influence the performance of carrier in the coming next five years (Tsui et al. 2014). The trends are: The airline industry will require building social pace in order to create brand equity. An improvement of online and offline services to increase revenue for airlines. Increased focus on regulatory and standardization of routes (Tsui and Fung 2016). The customers should leverage mobile for controlling and information. Complete self-service airport (Xiao et al. 2016). The impacts on the nature of change landscape in the airline industry of Hong Kong as follows: Increase the expectations of customers: The customers should see significant improvements in their experiences with services they are given. As the disaffection of the customers is challenging for the carriers as upgrade the aircraft is an expensive way to differentiate them (Wong, Lau and Chan 2013). The enhancement of the soft product such as welcoming of the customer experiences across the features of air travel such as from reservation to arrive is cheaper, but it is hard to implement. Therefore, the change in the airline industry should make a cultural shift in the organization. Reduction of cost and improve operational efficiency: The change management in the airline industries of Hong Kong should result into strict cost controls. The industry lies to decrease the cost in fuel efficiency such as jet fuels account for 40-55% of operating expenses. The reduction of cost is achieved through enhancement of the organizational structure and operating model (Sze et al. 2015). Section 2: Academic Literature Critically analyze and evaluate trends identified The following are the different trends in the airline industry of Hong Kong such as: Build social pace to create brand equity: The airline industry of Hong Kong should take off on social flights to engage a customer in order to build strong relationships with them. Among the recent innovative airline, social media campaigns, as well as initiatives, help to engage customers with unique concepts (Grant 2016). The airline industry should use social media applications so that the customers are encouraged to share their travel wish list as well as the itinerary. Using the social media, it makes a customer relationship management so that a large resources rebuild to give a response to customer queries, posts, tweets, and complaints. It makes strategic sense for the airlines to make partner with providers (De Neufville et al. 2013). It helps to provide a resource pool of social media experts as well as technology platforms to improve brand equity on the social media. An improvement of online and offline services to increase revenue for airlines: The online medium such as an internet, which is symbolized by the online travel agencies in the airline industry, is a influential revenue generator for the airlines. As per the market research on the data, 75% of the air tickets are bought online (Cameron and Green 2015). Automation of airline business processes and e-commerce such as web check-in should enhance the convenience of air travel. The offline channel will persist to be a important touch point for the airlines as well as passengers. Increased focus on regulatory and standardization of routes: Regulatory as well as directives on standardization will always continue to dominate the airline industry now as well as in the future (Quinn et al. 2012). Most of the regulations are based on finance, environment as well as consumer rights. While the airline regulations increase the safety of the passengers as well as improve the business sustainability, compliance adds to the total operational cost (Herrmann and Nadkarni 2014). Since new regulations are given to the airline industry of Hong Kong, therefore they must engage in a compliance program that should optimize the business operations and transform it. Advantage of Mobile for controlling and information: The customers are already leveraged mobiles. The airline mobile platforms should be updated and maintained so that it offers trip searchers as well as booking, offers travel purchases and address travel disruptions with alternative travel arrangements (Olson and Simerson 2015). Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) in-flight entertainment as well as the onboard services trend will persist to grow, as suppliers should expand this platform in next three years. Complete self-service airport: The customers those are frequent flyer should use at least a part of the self-service (Johnson 2016). The self-services system should be u-Self check-in common use kiosks allow the passengers to check in. The biometric u-Immigration system should allow the passengers with e-passports in order to go into departures automatically with facial recognition (Song, van der Veen and Chen 2012). Even biometric u-Boarding gate, boarding pass free u-departure gate for machine-readable passports provides customized airport information to the travelers. Leadership and management skills require implementing sustainable organization change and development The leaders have motivated their employees by creating a vision to meet with the change management of the airline industry. They can establish an organizational culture, which should be based on assumptions, values as well as beliefs (Lo, Wan and Zhang 2015). The employees should have appreciation and concern for their customers thus producing a unity emphasizing membership as well as customer engagement. The leader and management should develop a process to inspire people for changing (Tsui and Fung 2016). Ethics should be central to leadership, and it helps to establish as well as reinforce organizational values. In order to meet with organizational change trends, some of the steps are required in airline industries such as: The leader should create a vision that is challenging and desirable. The leader should communicate the vision for making future changes (Booth 2015). The leader should influence as well as inspire the employees to become a part of a culture based on morals. They should engage the employees in order to increase their airline services through empowerment (Chen and Hu 2013). They should also develop a value added leadership development program, which is based on the philosophy "hire for attitude as well as train for skill (Xiao et al. 2016). The leadership stability is found at the core of the worlds best airlines. Successful airlines CEO successions be inclined to arise when basic conditions are in position at the management interface (Wong, Lau and Chan 2013). Firstly, the succession planning is viewed as the original as well as ongoing board responsibility tied to the expansion of management. Well-managed airline industries of Hong Kong are working the CEO succession process for a long period. Even the tech savvy leaders rule the airline industry (Jenatabadi 2013). As the airline industry uses many new and modern systems for doing self-customers work, therefore the CEO and the leaders should also have knowledge of new technological uses. Even the tech-savvy CEO should have an easier time to earn the trust of the technical group (Robinson et al. 2016). The operations research analyst of the airline industry takes care of the business issues, and they create a model in order to help identify the optimal overbooking leve ls for the aircraft. The leaders should motivate their employees to work so that it will help the airline industry to increase both productivities as well as the profitability of the Hong Kong airline business processes (Chen and Chen 2012). Section 3: Framework Framework to summarize the key management and leadership skills Within the airline industry, there is a need for sustainable change within the business organizations of Hong Kong. It is due to some factors ranging from the structural, technological to commercial. Change management, leadership, management, and soft skills are distributed through the airline industry (Belobaba, Odoni and Barnhart 2015). As the change is imposed on the airline industry from some sources, therefore there is a requirement of change management skills in the airline sector is increasing. The main objective of this framework based on key management and leadership skills is developing structure in order to manage retention of skills concerning organizational processes to manage change in air transport system (McAfee et al. 2012). Different stakeholders in the operational system such as airports and maintenance companies will change the business operational system in order to deliver better services (Hackman and Johnson 2013). The below table shows the areas of operations and frameworks the leaders are required to change for successfully implementing the change management framework in the business operations of the airline industry. Area Sub-divisions Justification Human factors training 1. Technical training 2. Safety training 3. Online learning community Training to the employees is required, and it is focused on the operational layer in the airline sector with an aim to reduce error and enhance the safety of the customers (Herrmann and Nadkarni, 2014). Development of system 1. Technical equipment 2. Additional of modern airline systems The system is developed in order to support a deployment of an integrated change management capability. Supporting the collaborative decision making 1. Development of system 2. Pilot implementation 3. Process map of turn-around process (Song, van der Veen and Chen 2012). The leaders take different types of decisions and management team in various areas so that it results in the successful development of airline system and pilot implementation. Link risk and performance across the flight ops 1. Development of web applications to capture daily work in an electronic format (Chen and Chen 2012). 2. Development of safety system changes framework Within the airline industry, there are various risks that the leaders should take a step to mitigate them (Tsui and Fung 2016). It improves the performance of the web applications and develops the safety framework so that the travelers should get the safe journey. Assess and facilitate change 1. Design of change management tool 2. Development of prototype interfaces Due to a use of a new technological system, the workers and employees working in the airline sector require making changes in their business processes (Tsui et al. 2014). Revenue management 1. Understanding the revenue management framework (Wong, Lau and Chan 2013). 2. Calculation of the return on investment The airline industry should control their revenue by seeking to optimize short-term profitability throughout dynamic pricing. Communication skills 1. Decision making 2. Safety of the travelers 3. Written and oral communication (Johnson 2016). An effective communication skill among the leaders is a basic requirement in the airline operational contexts, and it is a requisite to safety (Hackman and Johnson 2013). The written communication consists of flight manuals, planning of flights, operational bulletins, and checklists. Oral communication is required for removing the issues within the industry (Grant 2016). Management skills 1. Behavioral and controllable 2. Interrelated and overlapping The managers and leaders should have identifiable sets of actions that they can perform to get certain outcomes. The performance of the behaviors should be kept control (Belobaba, Odoni and Barnhart 2015). In order to motivate others to work, the leaders should have supportive, empowerment as well as self-awareness skills to overlap and support others. Section 4: Strength and areas of development Critically evaluate the organizational change and development as a leader and manager in airline industry An adaptive work environment is required leader and manager in order to control protection, conflict as well as policy and norms in the airline transport system (Belobaba, Odoni and Barnhart 2015). The leaders and managers should operate co-creatively; therefore, they require giving priority to the requirements of the customers. McAfee et al. (2012) stated that too many leaders should make a mistake of thinking that they can change the behavior of individuals by making a change in the culture. In the airline industry, a cross-functional team could able to develop as well as implement an improvement plan so that they can improve motivation as well as promote an effective communication skill by expanding the scope of a job of workers and their involvement in airline planning (Herrmann and Nadkarni 2014). The airports serve an access point to the private air transportation industry. Thus it provides service to the public. Even the airline industry should have no control over the type of equipment and workers to maintain control over the business operations. The managers and leaders are facing rapid change in the airline industry. Globalization has increased the opportunities for growth as well as revenue (Johnson 2016). The main systematic way to expand in the airline market is to control the cost as well as revenue. Scrutiny of the stakeholders has also increased, as some of the leaders should take illegal actions in the companies (Lo, Wan and Zhang 2015). The capability to manage while continuing in order to meet with stakeholders need is required skill by them. Sometimes, merger among the airline industries in Hong Kong will result in business opportunities as well as growth prospects (Tsui and Fung 2016). The following are some of the areas of change and development by leaders and managers: Air service development program: Both managers as well as leaders to make decisions develop the air service development program (Tsui et al. 2014). It is required to understand how they while designing of the air service development program takes the air service decisions. Financial area of development: Financial incentives are offered to the air carriers for their new services. When they are provided with new services in the airline industry, there is a requirement of a host of costs associated with the establishment of the new ground station such as training of new workers (Xiao et al. 2016). The airline industry is charged for use of property such as fees of landing, terminal rental fees, and others. The start-up cost for the air carrier is $200,000. Improvement in data analytics: There is huge pile of data, which contains crucial information about the passenger's profiles, as well as preferences that are leveraged by the airline industry in order to develop the offerings of product and services (Wong, Lau and Chan 2013). The leader should predict the needs of the customers as well as their preferences by analyzing the historical data of the customers. The sales and marketing are achieved with the help of the analytics of the data as well as information (Olson and Simerson 2015). With an capability to remove information from a enormous pile of data, it helps the managers and leaders to take business related decisions. Analytics is a rising planned enabler for the airline business industry. Changing course in the revenue generator: Rise in the price of fuel, as well as an increase in competitions, are biting the revenue generator potential to the global airline business. Therefore, the airline industry explores new ways to change the course of the revenue generator. Some of the strategies that are taken by both managers as well as leaders are selling ancillary services across the value chain (Song, van der Veen and Chen 2012). The ancillary route is considered as an important revenue generator for the airline industry. The services consist of paying for checking baggage, booking for seats, connectivity of Wi-Fi (Tsui and Fung 2016). The leaders are taking revenue integrity program so that they can cut across various processes such as ticketing processes, e-ticketing as well as customer relationship management. Crew resource management: It is used to set the training procedures for reducing human errors. It also improves over air safety; customer relationship management focuses on interpersonal communication, decision-making as well as leadership (Ha et al. 2013). Switch to digital: No technological development gives impact on the transportation of air than an adoption of electronic formats for regulatory as well as tracking documents (De Neufville et al. 2013). The switch to the digital documentation has made the business operations of the airline industry faster as well as flexible. The managers, as well as leaders, are racing to keep the airline industry with latest technological development (Wong, Lau and Chan 2013). Technology has evolved rapidly, and it brings various changes within the airline industry. In this modern world, the use of the digital technology changes the business operations of the airline industry and makes their operation easier as well as efficient (Belobaba, Odoni and Barnhart 2015). Therefore, the managers, as well as leaders, are more focused on implementation of new ticketing system and biometric u-Immigration system (Hackman and Johnson 2013). The other digital systems are biometric u-Boarding gate; boarding pass free u-departure gate for machine-readable passports provides customized airport information to the travelers. References Belobaba, P., Odoni, A. and Barnhart, C., 2015.The global airline industry. John Wiley Sons. Booth, S.A., 2015.Crisis management strategy: Competition and change in modern enterprises. Routledge. Cameron, E. and Green, M., 2015.Making sense of change management: a complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. Chen, C.F. and Chen, S.C., 2012. Scale development of safety management system evaluation for the airline industry.Accident Analysis Prevention,47, pp.177-181. Chen, P.T. and Hu, H.H.S., 2013. The mediating role of relational benefit between service quality and customer loyalty in airline industry.Total Quality Management Business Excellence,24(9-10), pp.1084-1095. De Neufville, R., Odoni, A., Belobaba, P. and Reynolds, T., 2013.Airport systems: planning, design and management. Grant, R.M., 2016.Contemporary strategy analysis: Text and cases edition. John Wiley Sons. Ha, H.K., Wan, Y., Yoshida, Y. and Zhang, A., 2013. Airline market structure and airport efficiency: Evidence from major Northeast Asian airports.Journal of Air Transport Management,33, pp.32-42. Hackman, M.Z. and Johnson, C.E., 2013.Leadership: A communication perspective. Waveland Press. Herrmann, P. and Nadkarni, S., 2014. Managing strategic change: The duality of CEO personality.Strategic management journal,35(9), pp.1318-1342. Jenatabadi, H.S., 2013. Introduction latent variables for estimating airline assessment.International Journal of Business and Management,8(18), p.78. Johnson, V., 2016. Leading the historical enterprise: strategic creativity, planning, and advocacy of the digital age.Archives and Records,37(1), pp.84-86. Lo, W.W.L., Wan, Y. and Zhang, A., 2015. Empirical estimation of price and income elasticities of air cargo demand: The case of Hong Kong.Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice,78, pp.309-324. McAfee, A., Brynjolfsson, E., Davenport, T.H., Patil, D.J. and Barton, D., 2012. Big data.The management revolution. Harvard Bus Rev,90(10), pp.61-67. Olson, A.K. and Simerson, B.K., 2015.Leading with Strategic Thinking: Four Ways Effective Leaders Gain Insight, Drive Change, and Get Results. John Wiley Sons. Quinn, D., Amer, Y., Lonie, A., Blackmore, K., Thompson, L. and Pettigrove, M., 2012. Leading change: Applying change management approaches to engage students in blended learning.Australasian Journal of Educational Technology,28(1), pp.16-29. Robinson, P., Fallon, P., Cameron, H. and Crotts, J.C. eds., 2016.Operations management in the travel industry. CABI. Song, H., van der Veen, R., Li, G. and Chen, J.L., 2012. The Hong Kong tourist satisfaction index.Annals of Tourism Research,39(1), pp.459-479. Sze, C.M., In, L.W., Ngai, L. and Yan, O.W., 2015. Budget Airline Industry in Hong Kong.International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance,6(2), p.129. Tsui, W.H.K. and Fung, M.K.Y., 2016. Analysing passenger network changes: The case of Hong Kong.Journal of Air Transport Management,50, pp.1-11. Tsui, W.H.K. and Fung, M.K.Y., 2016. Causality between business travel and trade volumes: Empirical evidence from Hong Kong.Tourism Management,52, pp.395-404. Tsui, W.H.K., Balli, H.O., Gilbey, A. and Gow, H., 2014. Forecasting of Hong Kong airport's passenger throughput.Tourism Management,42, pp.62-76. Wong, W.K., Lau, C.S. and Chan, P.W., 2013. Aviation model: a fine-scale numerical weather prediction system for aviation applications at the Hong Kong international airport.Advances in Meteorology,2013. Xiao, Y., Liu, Y., Liu, J.J., Xiao, J. and Hu, Y., 2016. Oscillations extracting for the management of passenger flows in the airport of Hong Kong.Transportmetrica A: Transport Science,12(1), pp.65-79.

Research Proposal on Self-Harm Essay Example

Research Proposal on Self-Harm Essay Self-harm is a self-destructive behavior that involves the self-infliction of damage, for example by vomiting, cutting or burning own flash. Nine out of ten hospitalized for self-harm have hurt themselves by poisoning, such as drug-poisoning. The person who hurt himself does not do it in order to commit suicide, but through such a behavior tries to experiences a positive self-punishment, transferring the pain from the mind to the body. Those who exhibit this behavior can also say they experience a sense of calm afterwards. The psychiatrist Karl Menninger became in 1935 the first to describe self-injurious acts as a separate phenomenon, distinct from suicide attempts and suicide. Self-harm is a depressive behavior and can have many causes, mostly anxiety, but it does not always have a clear reason. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Self-Harm specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Self-Harm specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Self-Harm specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Some people may harm themselves without finding an obvious reason for doing this, in the same way as a depression can affect a person for no apparent reason. Depression with anxiety is by far the most common cause of the behavior. Self-harm is often perceived as addictive. The attempts to prevent the person from getting hurt or just saying that the person must stop hurting himself, are often not easy. Such a person can sink too deep into the depression considering individual self-injury as a daily chore, just like eating and sleeping. Self-harm is fully comparable with other addictions. The affected person may consider the purchase of a larger/sharper weapon, various forms of clothing that hides the wounds, bandages and the like to not â€Å"leak† blood through the clothes from fresh wounds. She or he is planning his relations and his activities around whether it will work to have long sleeves or not (for example avoiding compliance with the gym or the beach). There may also be an obsessive problem with the person that must cut a certain number of cuts to make up for a particular event or for other behaviors, or a belief that a certain number of cuts is right â€Å"dose of medicine† for the level anxiety the person feels at that time. Thus, self-harm can be considered a method, a tool to distract oneself from spiritual pain. The physical pain is easier to â€Å"deal with,† to vent the overwhelming negative emotions experienced by the person. Some also argue that it creates a cleaning and thus the therapeutic effect of seeing the blood drain from the body. Pain in the body also triggers endorphins, giving the person a kick and a sense of peace and security, which may also explain the addictive risk of it all. Self-harming behavior also gives the person an opportunity to bandage himself afterwards, which for many also creates a sense of security and independence. As far as treatment for self-harm and depression in young, mentalization-based therapy has shown good results. Use free example research proposal on self-harm to write a good research paper on the topic. At EssayLib.com writing service you can order a custom research proposal on Self-Harm topics. Your research paper proposal will be written from scratch. We hire top-rated PhD and Master’s writers only to provide students with professional research proposal help at affordable rates. Each customer will get a non-plagiarized paper with timely delivery. Just visit our website and fill in the order form with all proposal details: Enjoy our professional research proposal writing service!

Free Essays on Future Of EU

The link between internationalization, governance and democracy is a central problem for politics as well as for political science. Even if clear evidence on the nature of this link is not yet available, the literature seems to support the view that internationalization both undermines the capacity for governance and puts into question traditional forms of democracy. Because it could be quite complicated to look at the EU model from a point of classical democratic nation-state, it seems to be reasonable to discuss this problem, not by abstract reasoning, but by focusing on a concrete case. European Union is the best case available, which in recent decades has developed into a new type of political system with enormous consequences on democracy and governance in its member states. Despite repeated attempts for major institutional reforms, this system is likely to persist in its basic structures for the future and is unlikely to develop into a federal state or to disintegrate into a cl assic international organization. The present state of democracy and governance in the EU is therefore worth to be analyzed, as it is not a mere transitory state. In the following, we will first present a perspective of this political system, which by its choice of concepts and theoretical tools allows for an open view on possible tendencies and problems with respect to democracy and governance in the EU. In the third part, we discuss those features of the EU's political system, which are most important for an understanding of its present state and its prospective development. The fourth part presents two highly stylized, ideal-typical system models, each of which includes different mixtures and forms of democracy and governance. Both could be permanently stable but none of them can be reduced to the traditional forms of either „stateâ€Å" or „international organizationâ€Å". The final part consists of an overall assessment of the EU's possible development. ... Free Essays on Future Of EU Free Essays on Future Of EU The link between internationalization, governance and democracy is a central problem for politics as well as for political science. Even if clear evidence on the nature of this link is not yet available, the literature seems to support the view that internationalization both undermines the capacity for governance and puts into question traditional forms of democracy. Because it could be quite complicated to look at the EU model from a point of classical democratic nation-state, it seems to be reasonable to discuss this problem, not by abstract reasoning, but by focusing on a concrete case. European Union is the best case available, which in recent decades has developed into a new type of political system with enormous consequences on democracy and governance in its member states. Despite repeated attempts for major institutional reforms, this system is likely to persist in its basic structures for the future and is unlikely to develop into a federal state or to disintegrate into a cl assic international organization. The present state of democracy and governance in the EU is therefore worth to be analyzed, as it is not a mere transitory state. In the following, we will first present a perspective of this political system, which by its choice of concepts and theoretical tools allows for an open view on possible tendencies and problems with respect to democracy and governance in the EU. In the third part, we discuss those features of the EU's political system, which are most important for an understanding of its present state and its prospective development. The fourth part presents two highly stylized, ideal-typical system models, each of which includes different mixtures and forms of democracy and governance. Both could be permanently stable but none of them can be reduced to the traditional forms of either „stateâ€Å" or „international organizationâ€Å". The final part consists of an overall assessment of the EU's possible development. ...

Modern Astronomy Frontier Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Modern Astronomy Frontier - Research Paper Example What exactly makes black holes so captivating is the effects they seem to have on their surroundings, and yet their ability to remain in obscurity, literally. Before embarking on the actual topic of black holes, this paper will discuss the background research completed on black holes, the observations on them, the results of those observations, and the mysteries that still exist about them. First of all, black holes possess an amazing heritage. The first record of the black hole theory begins back in the early 1780s (DeBenedictis 4). However, during the nineteenth century, the idea that light could be affected by gravity was thought to be false, and therefore black holes, which result from gravitational pulls that suck away light, would not be possible. During the early twentieth century, with the discovery of the theory of relativity by Albert Einstein and discoveries by astrophysicist Karl Schwarzschild, belief in the theory of black holes returned (DeBenedictis 4). Further research took place once the technology advanced enough to produce models and test the various theories and equations that were used. Several types of research were employed to test the theory of black holes. One type of research, labeled as classical black hole research, begins with the theory of general relativity (DeBenedictis 14). Classical theory believes that â€Å"black holes can only absorb and not emit particles† (Hawking 199). Therefore, whatever information â€Å"falls into a black hole is forever lost† (Carr 22). Within classical black hole research, several different equations determine the spin, velocity and gravitational field surrounding the black hole and the particles that compose the black hole (DeBenedictis 22). Classical research deals with the geometry of black holes, specifically at the â€Å"event horizon† (Anderson 1). The event horizon constitutes â€Å"the boundary around a black  hole on and within which no matter or

Marine Organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Marine Organisation - Essay Example Management has to deal with many matters keeping external environment in mind. Its main concern is Bulk Carrier design and safety and this means that the importance attached to the safety of the ships is the main theme of the organisation. It has a technical committee called CASTEC, which meets twice a year to discuss technical matters, and deal with other connected issues. Bulk carrier design and safety had been of paramount importance and in late 1980s after some of them were lost and immediate programme had to be adapted with changes in the SOLAS Regulations and IACS rules. The main difference came with the introduction of new hull that would avoid considerable amount of damage and survive maximum amount of impact. IMO initiated a number of safety assessment studies, and the findings also had a number of recommendations and potential rules by December 2002, the SOLAS amendments were accepted by IMO, including the introduction of Double Skin Bulk carriers. Intercargo always works with close contact with IACS and the target had been designing and executing useful, safe, efficient and environmentally friendly sleek streamlined bulk carriers. It continues to monitor, research and understand the reasons of carrier losses and had been collecting all the statistics from 1990, and reports in its Bulk Carrier Casualty Report with analysis and pertinent answers to many hitherto unanswered questions. Number of cargo carriers and the lives of people employed in them, and the cargo are comparatively safer now. They have to make amenable rules so that the Port State Control’s rules and regulations are not flouted, as they are governed by the international conventions like SOLAS, STCW AND MARPOL that form the set of rules for the security, safety of the cargo ships. Pollution control in the high seas has become a matter of absolute concern for the shipping industry. We see many

Animal Testing Essay Example for Free

Animal Testing Essay Living in the twenty-ï ¬ rst century society is beginning to raise questions about the importance and relevance of issues that could very easily alter our way of living. Animal testing is one of these issues; the use of non-human animals in experiments. When an opinion regarding whether or not animal testing is ethical is mentioned in conversation or our news, citizens generally begin to question its morality. In debates, the issues on animal testing should be divided into two sub-categories: what is necessary for survival, and what is moral. If animals do feel a little pain, can you imagine how they feel? They are forced to do something that they do not want to do just because they cant actually say ‘no’. Yet, scientists, the well educated people, believe that we should keep it, so should we really get rid of it? Animals used: Many different species of animals are used in research. In 2003, the majority of procedures used mice and rats. Other mammals accounted for around 3% of the total, including 11,000 pigs, 5000 dogs and 3000 primates (for example, monkeys and marmosets). Laboratory mice are used more often in research every year than any other animal species. Mice, and other rodents such as rats and hamsters, make up over 90% of the animals used in biomedical research. In addition to having bodies that work similar to humans and other animals, rodents are small in size, easy to handle, relatively inexpensive to buy and keep, and produce many offspring in a short period of time. However, rodents may not always be the best animal to use in certain experiments. In these cases, dogs, cats, rabbits, sheep, ï ¬ sh, birds, reptiles and amphibians, or other kinds of animals may be used. All of these animals together make up less than 10% of the animals used in research. Methods of testing the drug: 1.Exposure Testing Some animals are tested by exposure testing. Animals like rats, dogs, cats, monkeys and birds are exposed to things that people would normally be exposed to. Exposure includes inhaling cigarette smoke or being in a place where furniture polish is sprayed. Exposure to microwaves, UV lights, the sun and extremes in temperature are also ways animals are tested. The results found include diseases that show up because of exposure to elements, learning disabilities that might occur (based on maze and behavior tests after exposure) and pregnancy complications that go along with exposure. These tests are usually used to make conclusions about what a humans reaction would be to the speciï ¬ c substances or conditions that the animals were exposed to. Conclusions might be that products are safe for humans based on exposure to animals or that products and elements are not safe based on what happened to the animals. 2.Skin Testing Some products, like cosmetics, are tested on animals by skin testing. In this method of testing, animals have products applied to their skin. This is done especially with pigs. The products, like cosmetics and other skin care products, are introduced to the animals skin, and the results are recorded. Most of this testing is done by cosmetic companies themselves, who are looking for any adverse reactions the products might have. Reactions they are looking for include breakouts, skin irritations, sicknesses or allergies that crop up with exposure. Research companies might be paid by cosmetic companies to test the products of competitor companies to make sure that the products they are selling will perform better. Cosmetic companies and skin care companies are also looking to test how well their products work Skin testing on an animal http://www.peta.org/b/thepetafiles/archive/tags/skin against the claims they have made for their own +corrosion/default.aspx products. 3.Injection Testing Many animals are tested with injection testing. For drug testing, this might mean injecting an animal with a drug to see what the side effects of the drug might be. Allergy medications, acne medications, seizure medications and disease medications are tested on health animals to test for side effects like sicknesses, birth defects or behavior problems. Other animals are tested by ï ¬ rst being injected with a disease or a sickness, and then injected with a course of drugs to see which drug might beneï ¬ t it the most. Diseases include AIDS, Cancer, Parkinsons Diabetes and Epilepsy. The beneï ¬ ts they are looking for include a reduction in symptoms, a cure for the disease, or a way to slow down the diseases progress. Injection testing usually measures the effects of the substance that is being injected on the animals, in order to see what results those things might have Ingected animal testing for people. http://urchinmovement.com/ 2011/08/11/the-rise-of-the-planetof-the-apes-animal-testing-goesmainstream/ 2 Nayla Khalifa AlKhalifa 4.Creation Testing Some animals are created in order to be tested, or their creation itself is the test. Scientists play with the genetic makeup of animals and attempt to create new animals. They also perform experiments on animals in utero, such as inject them with drugs, expose them to chemicals and change their genetic makeup to see if these experiments can be accomplished successfully and then to see if those results can be repeated for humans. Animals are cloned in labs to see if the cloning process works and what drugs, processes and genetic manipulations affect cloning in what way. Cloned animals are then studied to determine the effects of cloning on a general population. 5.Behavior Testing Some animals are tested in a way that is unobtrusive. Behavior tests are not usually meant to test a product or cosmetic or drug. They are tests that look at the lives of the animals and their behaviors. Some tests might include testing the speed at which mice can run various mazes or testing an animals ability to recognize colors or symbols. These tests might include exposing animals to loud sounds like music or yelling or to stressful situations including loud sounds, ï ¬â€šashing lights or strange smells or vibrations. Researchers then watch their behavior and make conclusions about what might happen to people in the same situation. Behavior tests also include studying the way a dog thinks by having him respond to commands and stimuli or testing the way another animal reacts when praised or yelled at. These behavioral tests give more information about how animals think and how their brains work, and also provide insights into why humans might have some of the same behaviors or issues as animals. What are the alternatives? There is a huge range of non- animal research techniques that, as well as being a more humane approach to science, can also be cheaper, quicker and more effective. These include: ââ€" Cell cultures Almost every type of human cell can be grown in culture and this has been key to understanding cancers, sepsis, kidney disease and HIV/AIDS. Cells grown in test tubes are routinely used in chemical safety testing, vaccine production, medicines development and to diagnose disease. ââ€" Chemical methods Analytical techniques used by chemists can be used to detect toxins in products, such as the LCMS method to replace the use of mice who are injected to detect toxins in shellï ¬ sh. ââ€" Tissue and organ culture Tissues from humans donated after surgery or even death can be used to investigate diseases and also test whether drugs might be safe and effective, before they are used on humans. ââ€" Computer models Programs run on computers can be used to predict whether a chemical is going to be harmful based on its similarity to other chemicals, or to even simulate body processes such as heart rate. ââ€" Human Volunteers Studies of humans can often be the best way to replace animals. We can now see inside peoples’ brains using imaging machines or test microscopic amounts of new drugs harmlessly on volunteers, as well as conduct large scale studies of populations to help see what might cause disease (epidemiology). Scientists are moving away from using animals but it is a slow process and they need more support. My opinion on animal testing is that we still need it but we should try to minimize the amount of animals being used and the pain the may experience even when pain relievers and anesthetics are used. We should use alternatives as much as we need to. We should not completely ban animal testing until we have a full replacement for it that works just as well or even better. Scientist are actually just trying to save someones life, I think many people in this world would see that as a selï ¬â€šess act. Personally I would rather an animal die than a cancer patient. They also test on animals as some of them are very much like humans, that means if an animal has a positive reaction towards a drug we are one step closer to curing a disease and we would all rather an animal die during research than a human. Animals are mostly used to develop medicines for the sick and have they have actually helped ï ¬ nd different treatments for cancer, strokes, and may other diseases that many people die from each year. Anyone that thinks that they are against animal testing is basically telling some cancer patients that they would rather them die then some rats. I would never ban animal testing. I ï ¬ nd that the people who protest against animal testing are an insult to the poor people that are ï ¬ ghting for their lives lying in a hospital bed some where with one chance of getting their life back by taking a drug that may have been tested on animals. It makes me feel really uncomfortable knowing that healthy people want something which will drastically decrease the standard of living of others. A complete ban on animal testing will have very serious negative effects on medical research. I believe that developing better, more effective and safer drugs is more important than sparing a few rats. Either way, if we continue animal testing ( which we are now ) too many animals are getting hurt, money is being spent, and products are still being tested, but if we ban animal testing we only have alternatives that work with only certain parts of an animals body. So, if we do either one we will still have issues.

Procedural Democracy :: essays research papers

For a country to be truly democratic, it must practice procedural democracy and substantive democracy. A solid foundation and variety of different procedures is what makes a democracy work as it does for us today. There will always be problems with any system and there will always be someone complaining about how the government works. Without a doubt, we will never have a perfect government and we will probably never find one person without some sort of disagreement with the way things are run. But, a democracy is run off of compromises, and it will only work if the people are pleased with the progress that it has made. Democracy is supposed to be run by the people, but which people actually count. Many democracies don’t even allow the majority of their people vote. All democratic governments have some sort of regulations on who is allowed to vote. Even the United States of America, which we perceive to be one of the most democratic countries in the world, has regulations. If you are; too young, have ever been convicted of a felony, not a certified U.S. citizen, or are not mentally competent, you are not allowed to vote. This list has shrunk since the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth amendment though. Women, blacks, and even the poor have been discriminated upon to keep the people â€Å"we† want in the office. Slaves were even counted as only three-fifths of a vote at one time. It has been a hard fought battle by many people to get whom they think are the right people voting. What may be the most famous line of the Declaration of Independence states â€Å"We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . This line sets the tone for the rest of American life. It lets us know that there should be political equality and every live is as important as the next. It lets us know that one mans opinion is just as important as the other mans opinion. The majority will rule when it comes down to it, but minorities cannot be completely tossed away.

Nuclear threat

The proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) has become a metaphor for 21st-century security concerns. Although nuclear weapons have not been used since the end of World War II, their influence on international security affairs is pervasive, and possession of WMD remains an important divide in international politics today (Norris 61).The nuclear postures of the former Cold War rivals have evolved more slowly than the fast-breaking political developments of the decade or so that has elapsed since the former Soviet Union collapsed. Nevertheless, some important changes have already taken place. By mutual consent, the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty of 1972 was terminated by the United States and Russia, which have agreed to modify their nuclear offensive force posture significantly through a large reduction in the number of deployed delivery systems.Nuclear weapons are no longer at the center of this bilateral relationship. Although the two nations are pursuing divergent d octrines for their residual nuclear weapons posture, neither approach poses a threat to the other. The structure, but not the detailed content, of the future U.S. nuclear posture was expressed in the 2002 Nuclear Posture Review (NPR), which established a significant doctrinal shift from deterrence to a more complex approach to addressing the problem of proliferated WMD.The Russian doctrinal adaptation to the post-Cold War security environment is somewhat more opaque. The government appears to be focused on developing and fielding low-yield weapons that are more suitable for tactical use, though the current building of new missiles and warheads may be associated with new strategic nuclear payloads as well. Despite the diminished post ­Cold War role of nuclear weapons in the United States, the cumulative deterioration of Russia's conventional military force since 1991 has actually made nuclear weapons more central to that government's defense policy.The end of the adversarial relati onship with the Soviet Union (and later, the Russian Federation) had to be taken into account in the NPR. The current nuclear posture is evolving in a manner parallel to the modernization of the U.S. non-nuclear military establishment. In stark contrast to Cold War ­era military planning, the 21st century is likely to be characterized by circumstances in which the adversary is not well known far in advance of a potential confrontation.The U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) is adjusting to these new circumstances by developing highly capable and flexible military forces that can adapt to the characteristics of adversaries as they appear. This makes the traditional path to modernization through investment in weapons systems as the threat emerges economically infeasible. Modern information technology lets the military change the characteristics of its flexible weapons and forces in much less time than it would take to develop whole new weapons systems. Thus, DOD is attempting to create a military information system: the integrated effect of command-control-communications-computation-intelligence-surveillance and reconnaissance (C4ISR). This system is inherently more flexible for adapting to changes in the threat environment.WMD and the means to deliver them are mature technologies, and knowledge of how to create such capabilities is widely distributed. Moreover, the relative cost of these capabilities declined sharply toward the end of the 20th century. Today, the poorest nations on earth (such as North Korea and Pakistan) have found WMD to be the most attractive course available to meet their security needs (Lieggi 2). Proliferation of WMD was stimulated as an unintended consequence of a U.S. failure to invest in technologies such as ballistic missile defense that could have dissuaded nations from investing in such weapons.The United States' preoccupation with deterring the Soviet Union incorporated the erroneous assumption that success in that arena would deter proliferation elsewhere (Barnaby 7). This mistake was compounded by the perverse interaction between defense policy and arms control in the 1990s. Misplaced confidence was lodged in a network of multilateral agreements and practices to prevent proliferation that contributed to obscuring rather than illuminating what was happening. Confidence placed in the inspection provisions of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), for example, obscured efforts to obtain knowledge of clandestine WMD programs. NPT signatories were among those nations with clandestine WMD programs.Without a modernization of defense policy, the ready availability of WMD-related technology will converge with their declining relative cost and a fatally flawed arms control structure to stimulate further proliferation in the 21st century. The process whereby WMD and ballistic missile technology has proliferated among a group of nations that otherwise share no common interests are likely to become the template for 21st-century proliferation.The scope of this problem was recognized in part as a result of a comprehensive review of intelligence data in 1997 ­1998 by the Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States (the Rumsfeld Commission). This recognition swiftly evolved into a set of significant policy initiatives that responded to changes in the international security environment. The arms control arrangements most closely identified with the adversarial relationship with the former Soviet Union were passà ©. In 1999 the Senate refused to ratify the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty; the United States and Russia ended the 1972 ABM Treaty and agreed to jettison the START process, which kept nuclear deployments at Cold War levels in favor of much deeper reductions in offensive forces in 2002.U.S. policy began to evolve in response to these developments. The incompatibility between the Cold War legacy nuclear posture and the 21st-century security environment stimulated a search for approaches to modernize policies pertinent to nuclear weapons. In response to statutory direction, the Bush administration published the Quadrennial Defense Review, the Nuclear Posture Review, the National Defense Strategy of the United States, and the National Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction. Taken together, these documents constitute the most profound change in U.S. policy related to nuclear weapons since the Eisenhower administration (Krepon1).  The unique capabilities of nuclear weapons may still be required in some circumstances, but the range of alternatives to them is much greater today. The evolution of technology has created an opportunity to move from a policy that deters through the threat of massive retaliation to one that can reasonably aspire to the more demanding aim–to dissuade. If adversary WMD systems can be held at risk through a combination of precision non-nuclear strike and active defense, nuclear weapons are less necessary (Albright 2). By developing a military capability that holds a proliferators’ entire WMD posture at risk rather than relying solely on the ability to deter the threat or use of WMD after they have been developed, produced, and deployed, the prospects for reducing the role of WMD in international politics are much improved.The 21st-century proliferation problem creates a set of targets significantly different from those that existed during the Cold War. Few targets can be held at risk only by nuclear weapons, but the ones that are appropriate may require different characteristics and, in many circumstances, different designs than those currently in the nuclear stockpile. The nature of the targets and the scope of the potential threat also alter the character of the underlying scientific, engineering, and industrial infrastructure that supports the nuclear weapons posture.   This research paper will therefore seek to discuss the problem of nuclear devices or WMDs (as they are presently termed) and try to address to current policy issues surrounding the matter.RESEARCH OUTLINE:INTRODUCTION:a.)    what is the problem surrounding nuclear threats in the 21st centuryb.)    what are the recent developments surrounding this issuec.)    what solutions have been successful in addressing these problemBODY:a.)    who are nuclear threatsb.)    what has been done to stopc.)    What can be done?d.)   What can the US do? What can the UN do?CONCLUSION:References:Robert Norris and Hans Kristensen, â€Å"Chinese Nuclear Forces, 2006,† Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 62. no. 3 (2006): 61.Stephanie Lieggi, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, â€Å"Going Beyond the Stir: the strategic realities of China's No First Use policy,† Nuclear Threat Initiative, http://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/realities-chinas-no-first-use-policy/ (accessed June 30, 2006).Frank Barnaby and Shaun Barnie, Thinking the Unthinkable: Japanese nuclear power and prolife ration in East Asia (Oxford, UK: Oxford Research Group and Citizens' Nuclear Information Center, 2005): 7†³8.George Perkovich, India’s Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferation, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.)Michael Krepon, Rodney W. Jones & Ziad Haider eds., â€Å"Escalation Control & the Nuclear Option in South Asia,† The Henry L. Stimson Center, September 2004, https://www.stimson.org/?id=191, (May 2005).Text of â€Å"Export Controls on Goods, Technologies, Material, and Equipment Related to Nuclear and Biological Weapons and their Delivery Systems Act, 2004,† Published in Gazette of Pakistan, 27 September 2004, Cited at, http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/ Infcircs/2004/infcirc636.pdf, (May 2005).Michael Krepon and Chris Gagne eds., â€Å"The Stability-Instability Paradox: Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear Brinksmanship in South Asia,† The Henry L. Stimson Center, June 2001, https://www.stimson.org/research?ID=1, (May 2005).Feroz Hassan Khan, â€Å"The Independence-Dependence Paradox: Stability Dilemmas in South Asia,† Arms Control Association, October 2003, https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2003_10/Khan_10, (May 2005).Ashley J. Tellis, India’s Emerging Nuclear Posture: Between Recessed Deterrent and Ready Arsenal, (Santa Monica: Rand, 2001.)

Cyber Bullying And Its Effects On Its Victims - 1651 Words

Society is constantly revolutionizing through technological advances that are creating, changing and shifting the individuals who live in it, especially cyber bullying. With the rise in the use of technology, digital culture and anonymity, cyber bullying has become a prominent issue that can have negative psychological effects on its victims through the power of these technological advances. This new 21st century term is derived from standard physical bullying has become a prominent and revolving issue as cellphone, texting and social media sites take away one’s privacy by causing harmful psychological effects on its victims (Siegel, 2012). With the advancement of technology, cyber bullying has becoming a prominent issue in society. 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