Yellow Fever essays

Yellow Fever expositions Yellow Fever, or Flavivirus Taxon, is an infection that executes 30,000 individuals yearly. It is conveyed by mosquitoes, which feed on people. As of now, it is just found in South America and Africa. It is non-infectious and must be gotten once. Somebody could tell in the event that they have Yellow Fever in the event that they have an abrupt beginning of a fever and a migraine, trailed by jaundice. Following a couple of days the transporter will have dark regurgitation and seep from the mouth. As a rule passing will happen inside four to eight days after they contract the infection. There is no genuine treatment of the infection, just things you can do to treat it transiently. The individual must drink a great deal of water to forestall lack of hydration. Try not to give the tainted headache medicine since it might cause seeping; rather use paracetamol. In conclusion, the individual must remain in bed and rest. Despite the fact that most cases bring about death, some endure. There is an immunization accessible for Yellow Fever, which was made by Max Theiler in 1939. It is a live antibody that goes on for around ten years. The manner in which the immunization works is the Yellow Fever protein coat is infused into the body, without the DNA in the protein coat. The Helper-T cell recognizes the infection as hurtful and calls a multitude of B-cells and Killer-T cells. The B-cells make antibodies, which append to the antigen. The Killer-T cells at that point eat the antigen/neutralizer complex. With the immunization the body assembles insusceptibility to the infection. On the off chance that it were the real infection the individual could endure, yet theyd presumably kick the bucket of heart, liver, or kidney disappointment. The liver harm causes additional yellow bile in skin shade, making the individual turn yellowish; henceforth the name Yellow Fever. The infection additionally causes discharging. Individuals began getting Yellow Fever when fabricating the Panama Canal. In 1881 Carlos Finlay inferred that Yellow Fever was contracted from mosquitoes. Walter Reed later affirmed this in 1901. This issue was comprehended by sa ... <!

Biometrics Essay -- Science Scientific Essays

Biometrics The term biometrics is generally known as the field of advancement of factual and numerical strategies appropriate to information examination issues in the natural sciences. However, significantly more as of late it has taken on an entirely different definition. Biometrics is a stunning new theme alluding to â€Å"the developing field of innovation dedicated to the distinguishing proof of people utilizing natural qualities, in light of retinal or iris filtering, fingerprints, or face recognition†. Biometrics has just started utilizing applications that run from participation following a period clock to security checkpoints with an enormous volume of individuals. The developing field of biometrics has truly been made famous by two things, the innovative advances made inside the most recent 20 years, and the developing danger of security and fear mongering among individuals everywhere throughout the world. In this paper I will concentrate on: the developing field of biometrics, why it is essential to our future, how the United States government has assumed a job in its turn of events and use, the dangers in question, the suggestions on open protection, and further proposals got from everywhere throughout the science and innovation field. Biometrics has truly been a spellbinding piece of observing new age motion pictures and modern stars acquire the 21st century. However, most normal individuals don’t even recognize what is behind these charming â€Å"tricks†, and what truly characterizes as a piece of the Biometrics field. Something as basic as a pin number you use for an ATM machine would qualify as a component of this domain. Other social qualities can be things, for example, a voice print, or a mark. Biometrics can likewise turn out to be so innovatively propelled that they can utilize video reconnaissance to examine who goes all through a region... ...in security and freedom in any case, you need to test existing known limits. Seeing all perspectives on the issue of biometrics made me see that we are in an ideal situation with it than without it. In the long run the enactment will be passed, and biometrics will become all-good, and become as normal as a lock on your entryway. Simply one more safety effort to keep every one of us sheltered as a family, as an area, as a state, lastly, as a country. Book reference http://www.biometricscatalog.org/ http://biometrics.dod.mil/content.aspx?navid=2&pageID=168 http://biometrics.org/html/introduction.html http://www.computer.org/itpro/landing page/Jan_Feb/security3.htm http://www.eff.org/Privacy/Surveillance?biometrics/ http://www.prcisebiometrics.com/ http://stat.tamu.edu?~biometrics/definition.html http://archives.cnn.com/2001/Tech/processing/01/17/biometrics.future.idg/

Blog Archive Mission Admission The Thank You Letter

Blog Archive Mission Admission The Thank You Letter Mission Admission is a series of MBA admission tips; a new one is posted each Tuesday. After visiting campus or interviewing, many candidates choose to write thank you letters to their respective hosts. So, what makes a good thank you note? 1) Personalization: When writing to your host/interviewer, show sincerity by personalizing your letter. By handwriting your letter and mentioning specifics about your conversation and experiences, you will continue to foster your connection with your interviewer and show that your interaction truly made an impression. 2) Brevity: Your letter should be no more than a few sentences long. If you write several paragraphs, you run the risk of creating the negative impression that you are trying too hard or that you simply do not respect limits (possibly even suggesting that you might carry on too long in class). By being brief and sincere, you will instead make a powerful impression that will yield results. 3) Speed: Send your letter within two or three days of your visit, at the most. After a week, your interest may logically fall into question, or your host may simply forget some of the details of your conversation that you are trying to reinforce. By writing your letter immediately, you will create the impression that you have been energized by the experience and are eager to maintain your connection. Thank you notes are generally not  a “make or break” aspect of your candidacy, but they can establish continuity and demonstrate your continued interest to your target schools representatives. We encourage candidates to follow up with such notes  because they are a low-cost way of reinforcing a positive impression/relationship. Share ThisTweet Mission Admission

How Can You Stretch a Paper to Make It Longer

For some students, writing a long paper is a breeze. For others, the thought of writing a ten-page paper is dreadful. For them, it seems like every time they get an assignment, they write all of the information they can think of and end up a few pages short. For students who struggle to come up with a lengthy paper, it might be helpful to start with an outline, complete a first draft of the paper, then fill in sub-topics under the main topics of your outline. An initial outline of a paper about A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens might contain the following topics: Intro and overview of the bookEbenezer Scrooge characterBob Cratchit and familyScrooge shows cruel tendenciesScrooge walks homeVisited by three ghostsScrooge becomes nice Based on the outline above, you could probably come up with about three to five pages of writing. That can be pretty scary if you have a ten-page paper assignment. No need to panic. What you really have at this point is the foundation for your paper. Now it’s time to start filling in with some meat. Tips for Making Your Paper Longer 1. Give a historical background. Every book, in some way or another, reflects the cultural, social or political circumstances of its historical period. You can easily fill up a page or two with a description of the notable features of your book’s period and setting. A Christmas Carol takes place in London, England during the mid-nineteenth century—a time when it was common for poor children to labor in factories and poor parents to be locked up in debtor’s prisons. In much of his writing, Dickens demonstrated a deep concern for the plight of the poor. If you need to expand your paper on this book you could find a good resource on Victorian-era debtor’s prisons and write a lengthy but relevant passage on the topic. 2. Speak for your characters. This should be easy because your characters are really symbols for types of people—and that makes it easy to imagine what they would be thinking. Since Scrooge represents stinginess and selfishness, you could insert a few paragraphs like this to express his likely thoughts: Scrooge was annoyed at the two men who approached him to solicit money for the poor. He brooded over this annoyance as he walked toward his home. â€Å"Why should he give his hard-earned money to shiftless, lazy, good-for-nothings?† he wondered. If you do something like this in three or four places, youll soon fill an entire extra page. 3. Explore the symbolism. Any work of fiction will contain symbolism. While it might take a little time to get a good grasp of seeing the symbolism behind people and things, you’ll find that it’s a great page-filling topic once you get a knack. Every character in A Christmas Carol symbolizes some element of humanity. Scrooge is a symbol of greed, while his poor but humble employee Bob Cratchit represents goodness and patience. The sickly but always cheerful Tiny Tim is the epitome of innocence and vulnerability. When you start to explore the traits of your characters and determine the facets of humanity that they represent, you’ll find that this topic is good for a page or two. 4. Psychoanalyze the author. Authors write from the gut, and they write from their experiences. Find a biography of the author and include it in your bibliography. Read the biography for signs of things that are related to the events or themes of the book you’re reporting about. For example, any brief biography of Dickens will tell you that Charles Dickens’ father spent time in a debtor’s prison. See how that could fit into your paper? You can spend several paragraphs talking about the events in the author’s life that appear in the book he wrote. 5. Make a comparison. If you are really struggling to stretch your paper, you might want to select another book from the same author (or with some other common characteristic) and do a point by point comparison. This is a great way to lengthen a paper, but it might be a good idea to check with your teacher first.

Antarctic Icefish Characteristics and Facts

True to their name, the Antarctic Icefish lives in the icy cold waters of the Arctic —and has icy-looking blood to match. Their cold habitat has given them some interesting features.   Most animals, like people, have red blood. The red of our blood is caused by hemoglobin, which carries oxygen throughout our body. Icefishes dont have hemoglobin, thus they have a whitish, nearly transparent blood. Their gills are also white. Despite this lack of hemoglobin, icefish can still get enough oxygen, although scientists arent sure quite how — it could be because they live in already oxygen-rich waters and might be able to absorb oxygen through their skin, or because they have large hearts and plasma which may help transport oxygen more easily. The first icefish was discovered in 1927 by zoologist Ditlef Rustad, who pulled up a strange, pale fish during an expedition to Antarctic waters. The fish he pulled up was eventually named the blackfin icefish (Chaenocephalus aceratus).   Description There are many species (33, according to WoRMS) of icefish in the Family Channichthyidae. These fish all have heads that look a little like a crocodile — so they are sometimes called crocodile icefishes. They have grayish, black or brown bodies, wide pectoral fins, and two dorsal fins that are supported by long, flexible spines. They can grow to a maximum length of about 30 inches.   Another fairly unique trait for icefish is that they dont have scales. This can aid in their ability to absorb oxygen through the ocean water.   Classification Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataSubphylum: VertebrataSuperclass: GnathostomataSuperclass: PiscesClass: ActinopterygiiOrder: PerciformesFamily: Channichthyidae Habitat, Distribution, and Feeding Icefish inhabit Antarctic and subantarctic waters in the Southern Ocean off Antarctica and southern South America. Even though they can live in waters that are only 28 degrees, these fish have antifreeze proteins that circulate through their bodies to keep them from freezing.   Icefish dont have swim bladders, so they spend much of their lives on the ocean bottom, although they also have a lighter skeleton than some other fish, which allows them to swim up into the water column at night to capture prey. They may be found in schools. Icefish eat plankton, small fish, and krill.   Conservation and Human Uses The lighter skeleton of icefish has a low mineral density. Humans with a low mineral density in their bone have a condition called osteopenia, which may be a precursor to osteoporosis. Scientists study icefish to learn more about osteoporosis in humans. Icefish blood also provides insights into other conditions, such as anemia, and how bones develop. The ability of icefish to live in freezing water without freezing can also help scientists learn about the formation of ice crystals and storage of frozen foods and even organs used for transplant.   Mackerel icefish are harvested, and the harvest is considered sustainable. A threat to icefish, however, is climate change — warming ocean temperatures could reduce the habitat that is suitable for this extreme cold water fish.

Compare And Contrast Beowulf And Sir Gawain And The Green...

Epic Heroes Across Medieval Culture In the literary works Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, an admirable warrior and knight are depicted. Although Sir Gawain and Beowulf both possess such characteristics as bravery and strength, readers can observe differences in other traits that make them heroes of their own time that is attributable to the societal mindset in which the poems were written. The goal of this essay is to compare and contrast how Beowulf, which was written in the early eleventh century, and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, which was written in the late fourteenth century, indicate an evolution in cultural ideals of values such as morality and virtue that ultimately differentiates the authors’ views of†¦show more content†¦Beowulf himself is half- human and half God; yet, Sir Gawain is a humble knight who does not boast of any superhuman ability. However, Sir Gawain possesses admirable traits that Beowulf lacks. In the late fourteenth century, or middle ages, knights were to be morally intact men and were held to a high ethical standard. Unlike Beowulf who is boastful, proud, and often test his limits, Sir Gawain is modest, cautious, and is a conscious decision maker. As this class progresses, I always find the role of women in each piece to be increasingly interesting and enjoy discussing them. In Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight alike, women are depicted as seductresses; however, Lady Bertilak’s sexual prowess was of central importance in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. In Beowulf, Enkidu’s introduction to human sexuality through his interaction with a hartlet leads her to be shamed. However, Lady Bertilak is one of the most prominent characters in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight although her role is essentially centered on her attempts to seduce Sir Gawain and get him to violate the oath of honesty that he vowed to her husband. This type of display goes against the Christian views that were emerging during the writing of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight because of its adulterous premises, yet Lady Bertilak is not humiliated as is the loose woman in Beowulf. Although this difference could simply be because of Lady Bertilak’s status as the lady of theShow MoreRelatedCompare and Contrast of Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight600 Words   |  3 PagesCompare and Contrast of Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Beowulf is an epic poem that was written in the Anglo-Saxon time period where only a few privileged people were able to read and write while Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, which is also an epic poem, was written in the Middle English time period where reading and writing was more wide-spread. While both the epic poem Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight have similar protagonists, the main character of each poem also hasRead More Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and Beowulf Essay499 Words   |  2 PagesSir Gawain and the Green Knight and Beowulf â€Å"My body, but for your blood, is barren of worth; And tis I have asked for this folly not fit for a King.† These are the words of a true hero. One who is willing to sacrifice his own existence for the life of another. These are the words and actions of Sir Gawain, a character from the beloved British tale, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Beowulf, another character from an ancient British epic entitled, Beowulf, is also portrayed as a â€Å"heroRead More Compare and contrast images of heroism in these two poems. Essay1421 Words   |  6 PagesCompare and contrast images of heroism in these two poems. Heroism is a trait that we seem to have no problem identifying, yet when asked to define what a hero is a myriad of answers emerge. This phenomenon is not unique to today’s society; the definition of a hero is something that is constantly under revision and debate. An example of this can be seen in two older pieces of English literature: Beowulf, written circa 750-900, and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, written circa 1375-1400Read More Epic of Beowulf Essay1818 Words   |  8 Pagesbook. I would like to compare and contrast Beowulf, Lanval, and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight with some of the modern day creations especially in looking at the values, and belief systems in all of the three â€Å"classic† stories. I will apologize in advance to those who will read this and are not familiar to the texts that are mentioned, due to restrictions in size I must mention all of my topics without specific description of how the stories are told, please at least read â€Å"Beowulf† before consideringRead MoreWomen s Unequal Portrayal, And The Struggle For Identity Of Female Writers1777 Words   |  8 Pagesthe moth // And from a woman a woman’s wickedness.† The Judeo-Christian creation myth, where â€Å"man was not made from woman, but woman from man† gave the philosophical ‘proof’ of inequality. One of the most illogical representations of women, in contrast to Eve as a selfish temptress, is the Virgin Mary. She was an immaculate motherhood figure, but remained ‘uncorrupted’, which obviously was unattainable for real women. The dual imagery of the Madonna and the ‘Gateway to Sin’ established that womenRead MoreThe Sonnet Form: William Shakespeare6305 Words   |  26 PagesShakespeare’s Sonnets William Shakespeare The Sonnet Form A sonnet is a fourteen-line lyric poem, traditionally written in iambic pentameter—that is, in lines ten syllables long, with accents falling on every second syllable, as in: â€Å"Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?† The sonnet form first became popular during the Italian Renaissance, when the poet Petrarch published a sequence of love sonnets addressed to an idealized woman named Laura. Taking firm hold among Italian poets, the sonnet

Change Readiness Review Airline Industry in Hong Kong

Question: Describe about the Change Readiness Review for Airline Industry in Hong Kong. Answer: Section 1: Industry: Airline Identifies and justifies the focus of the review The airline industry in Hong Kong is connected with urban centres in Asia as well as half of the population of the world with 5 hours of flight distance. Currently, more than 100 airlines are operated about 1,100 flights daily, links the international airport of Hong Kong to about 190 destinations (Song, van der Veen and Chen 2012). Hong Kong International Airport is the third busiest international passenger airport in the world. In the year 2015, Hong Kong had signed air services agreements with almost 68 aviation partners. The airline industries of Hong Kong is divided into both cargoes as well as passenger sectors. Future back approach in airline industry of Hong Kong The airline industry of Hong Kong is estimated to grow approximately 5% annually in the next five years (Chen and Hu 2013). The air traffic to as well as from the Mainland will reach 2.1 million trips by the year 2030. The cargo traffic will reach 44 million tonnes. In the next 3-5 years, the volume of passengers, aircraft movements as well as cargo will become doubled (Lo, Wan and Zhang 2015). As the airline industries of Hong Kong handles maximum capacity, therefore they will require expanding their airport in order to meet its long-term demand of their customers. The airline industry should also focus on reducing the cost lies in the efficiency of fuels (Tsui and Fung 2016). The airline industries of Hong Kong have sufficient funds to modernize their fleet in order to incorporate fuel-efficient. As planes are expensive, therefore this approach should require implementing in line with long-term carrier plans for configuration of their network. There should be a programmatic expansi on of routes over a period of years. Chart 1: Air Traffic Movements/year (Actual Statistics and Estimates) (Source: Lo, Wan and Zhang 2015, pp-461) Identification of significant trends and impact on nature of change landscape The airline industry of Hong Kong is being hampered by profit margins, forcing carriers in order to focus on decrease of cost as well as revenue growth through enhanced interactions with the customers (Ha et al. 2013). The airline industry should focus on top-line growth due to limited profitability is based on revenue gains. It should increase the productivity to increase the profit margins. The commercial airlines will navigate several significant trends that will influence the performance of carrier in the coming next five years (Tsui et al. 2014). The trends are: The airline industry will require building social pace in order to create brand equity. An improvement of online and offline services to increase revenue for airlines. Increased focus on regulatory and standardization of routes (Tsui and Fung 2016). The customers should leverage mobile for controlling and information. Complete self-service airport (Xiao et al. 2016). The impacts on the nature of change landscape in the airline industry of Hong Kong as follows: Increase the expectations of customers: The customers should see significant improvements in their experiences with services they are given. As the disaffection of the customers is challenging for the carriers as upgrade the aircraft is an expensive way to differentiate them (Wong, Lau and Chan 2013). The enhancement of the soft product such as welcoming of the customer experiences across the features of air travel such as from reservation to arrive is cheaper, but it is hard to implement. Therefore, the change in the airline industry should make a cultural shift in the organization. Reduction of cost and improve operational efficiency: The change management in the airline industries of Hong Kong should result into strict cost controls. The industry lies to decrease the cost in fuel efficiency such as jet fuels account for 40-55% of operating expenses. The reduction of cost is achieved through enhancement of the organizational structure and operating model (Sze et al. 2015). Section 2: Academic Literature Critically analyze and evaluate trends identified The following are the different trends in the airline industry of Hong Kong such as: Build social pace to create brand equity: The airline industry of Hong Kong should take off on social flights to engage a customer in order to build strong relationships with them. Among the recent innovative airline, social media campaigns, as well as initiatives, help to engage customers with unique concepts (Grant 2016). The airline industry should use social media applications so that the customers are encouraged to share their travel wish list as well as the itinerary. Using the social media, it makes a customer relationship management so that a large resources rebuild to give a response to customer queries, posts, tweets, and complaints. It makes strategic sense for the airlines to make partner with providers (De Neufville et al. 2013). It helps to provide a resource pool of social media experts as well as technology platforms to improve brand equity on the social media. An improvement of online and offline services to increase revenue for airlines: The online medium such as an internet, which is symbolized by the online travel agencies in the airline industry, is a influential revenue generator for the airlines. As per the market research on the data, 75% of the air tickets are bought online (Cameron and Green 2015). Automation of airline business processes and e-commerce such as web check-in should enhance the convenience of air travel. The offline channel will persist to be a important touch point for the airlines as well as passengers. Increased focus on regulatory and standardization of routes: Regulatory as well as directives on standardization will always continue to dominate the airline industry now as well as in the future (Quinn et al. 2012). Most of the regulations are based on finance, environment as well as consumer rights. While the airline regulations increase the safety of the passengers as well as improve the business sustainability, compliance adds to the total operational cost (Herrmann and Nadkarni 2014). Since new regulations are given to the airline industry of Hong Kong, therefore they must engage in a compliance program that should optimize the business operations and transform it. Advantage of Mobile for controlling and information: The customers are already leveraged mobiles. The airline mobile platforms should be updated and maintained so that it offers trip searchers as well as booking, offers travel purchases and address travel disruptions with alternative travel arrangements (Olson and Simerson 2015). Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) in-flight entertainment as well as the onboard services trend will persist to grow, as suppliers should expand this platform in next three years. Complete self-service airport: The customers those are frequent flyer should use at least a part of the self-service (Johnson 2016). The self-services system should be u-Self check-in common use kiosks allow the passengers to check in. The biometric u-Immigration system should allow the passengers with e-passports in order to go into departures automatically with facial recognition (Song, van der Veen and Chen 2012). Even biometric u-Boarding gate, boarding pass free u-departure gate for machine-readable passports provides customized airport information to the travelers. Leadership and management skills require implementing sustainable organization change and development The leaders have motivated their employees by creating a vision to meet with the change management of the airline industry. They can establish an organizational culture, which should be based on assumptions, values as well as beliefs (Lo, Wan and Zhang 2015). The employees should have appreciation and concern for their customers thus producing a unity emphasizing membership as well as customer engagement. The leader and management should develop a process to inspire people for changing (Tsui and Fung 2016). Ethics should be central to leadership, and it helps to establish as well as reinforce organizational values. In order to meet with organizational change trends, some of the steps are required in airline industries such as: The leader should create a vision that is challenging and desirable. The leader should communicate the vision for making future changes (Booth 2015). The leader should influence as well as inspire the employees to become a part of a culture based on morals. They should engage the employees in order to increase their airline services through empowerment (Chen and Hu 2013). They should also develop a value added leadership development program, which is based on the philosophy "hire for attitude as well as train for skill (Xiao et al. 2016). The leadership stability is found at the core of the worlds best airlines. Successful airlines CEO successions be inclined to arise when basic conditions are in position at the management interface (Wong, Lau and Chan 2013). Firstly, the succession planning is viewed as the original as well as ongoing board responsibility tied to the expansion of management. Well-managed airline industries of Hong Kong are working the CEO succession process for a long period. Even the tech savvy leaders rule the airline industry (Jenatabadi 2013). As the airline industry uses many new and modern systems for doing self-customers work, therefore the CEO and the leaders should also have knowledge of new technological uses. Even the tech-savvy CEO should have an easier time to earn the trust of the technical group (Robinson et al. 2016). The operations research analyst of the airline industry takes care of the business issues, and they create a model in order to help identify the optimal overbooking leve ls for the aircraft. The leaders should motivate their employees to work so that it will help the airline industry to increase both productivities as well as the profitability of the Hong Kong airline business processes (Chen and Chen 2012). Section 3: Framework Framework to summarize the key management and leadership skills Within the airline industry, there is a need for sustainable change within the business organizations of Hong Kong. It is due to some factors ranging from the structural, technological to commercial. Change management, leadership, management, and soft skills are distributed through the airline industry (Belobaba, Odoni and Barnhart 2015). As the change is imposed on the airline industry from some sources, therefore there is a requirement of change management skills in the airline sector is increasing. The main objective of this framework based on key management and leadership skills is developing structure in order to manage retention of skills concerning organizational processes to manage change in air transport system (McAfee et al. 2012). Different stakeholders in the operational system such as airports and maintenance companies will change the business operational system in order to deliver better services (Hackman and Johnson 2013). The below table shows the areas of operations and frameworks the leaders are required to change for successfully implementing the change management framework in the business operations of the airline industry. Area Sub-divisions Justification Human factors training 1. Technical training 2. Safety training 3. Online learning community Training to the employees is required, and it is focused on the operational layer in the airline sector with an aim to reduce error and enhance the safety of the customers (Herrmann and Nadkarni, 2014). Development of system 1. Technical equipment 2. Additional of modern airline systems The system is developed in order to support a deployment of an integrated change management capability. Supporting the collaborative decision making 1. Development of system 2. Pilot implementation 3. Process map of turn-around process (Song, van der Veen and Chen 2012). The leaders take different types of decisions and management team in various areas so that it results in the successful development of airline system and pilot implementation. Link risk and performance across the flight ops 1. Development of web applications to capture daily work in an electronic format (Chen and Chen 2012). 2. Development of safety system changes framework Within the airline industry, there are various risks that the leaders should take a step to mitigate them (Tsui and Fung 2016). It improves the performance of the web applications and develops the safety framework so that the travelers should get the safe journey. Assess and facilitate change 1. Design of change management tool 2. Development of prototype interfaces Due to a use of a new technological system, the workers and employees working in the airline sector require making changes in their business processes (Tsui et al. 2014). Revenue management 1. Understanding the revenue management framework (Wong, Lau and Chan 2013). 2. Calculation of the return on investment The airline industry should control their revenue by seeking to optimize short-term profitability throughout dynamic pricing. Communication skills 1. Decision making 2. Safety of the travelers 3. Written and oral communication (Johnson 2016). An effective communication skill among the leaders is a basic requirement in the airline operational contexts, and it is a requisite to safety (Hackman and Johnson 2013). The written communication consists of flight manuals, planning of flights, operational bulletins, and checklists. Oral communication is required for removing the issues within the industry (Grant 2016). Management skills 1. Behavioral and controllable 2. Interrelated and overlapping The managers and leaders should have identifiable sets of actions that they can perform to get certain outcomes. The performance of the behaviors should be kept control (Belobaba, Odoni and Barnhart 2015). In order to motivate others to work, the leaders should have supportive, empowerment as well as self-awareness skills to overlap and support others. Section 4: Strength and areas of development Critically evaluate the organizational change and development as a leader and manager in airline industry An adaptive work environment is required leader and manager in order to control protection, conflict as well as policy and norms in the airline transport system (Belobaba, Odoni and Barnhart 2015). The leaders and managers should operate co-creatively; therefore, they require giving priority to the requirements of the customers. McAfee et al. (2012) stated that too many leaders should make a mistake of thinking that they can change the behavior of individuals by making a change in the culture. In the airline industry, a cross-functional team could able to develop as well as implement an improvement plan so that they can improve motivation as well as promote an effective communication skill by expanding the scope of a job of workers and their involvement in airline planning (Herrmann and Nadkarni 2014). The airports serve an access point to the private air transportation industry. Thus it provides service to the public. Even the airline industry should have no control over the type of equipment and workers to maintain control over the business operations. The managers and leaders are facing rapid change in the airline industry. Globalization has increased the opportunities for growth as well as revenue (Johnson 2016). The main systematic way to expand in the airline market is to control the cost as well as revenue. Scrutiny of the stakeholders has also increased, as some of the leaders should take illegal actions in the companies (Lo, Wan and Zhang 2015). The capability to manage while continuing in order to meet with stakeholders need is required skill by them. Sometimes, merger among the airline industries in Hong Kong will result in business opportunities as well as growth prospects (Tsui and Fung 2016). The following are some of the areas of change and development by leaders and managers: Air service development program: Both managers as well as leaders to make decisions develop the air service development program (Tsui et al. 2014). It is required to understand how they while designing of the air service development program takes the air service decisions. Financial area of development: Financial incentives are offered to the air carriers for their new services. When they are provided with new services in the airline industry, there is a requirement of a host of costs associated with the establishment of the new ground station such as training of new workers (Xiao et al. 2016). The airline industry is charged for use of property such as fees of landing, terminal rental fees, and others. The start-up cost for the air carrier is $200,000. Improvement in data analytics: There is huge pile of data, which contains crucial information about the passenger's profiles, as well as preferences that are leveraged by the airline industry in order to develop the offerings of product and services (Wong, Lau and Chan 2013). The leader should predict the needs of the customers as well as their preferences by analyzing the historical data of the customers. The sales and marketing are achieved with the help of the analytics of the data as well as information (Olson and Simerson 2015). With an capability to remove information from a enormous pile of data, it helps the managers and leaders to take business related decisions. Analytics is a rising planned enabler for the airline business industry. Changing course in the revenue generator: Rise in the price of fuel, as well as an increase in competitions, are biting the revenue generator potential to the global airline business. Therefore, the airline industry explores new ways to change the course of the revenue generator. Some of the strategies that are taken by both managers as well as leaders are selling ancillary services across the value chain (Song, van der Veen and Chen 2012). The ancillary route is considered as an important revenue generator for the airline industry. The services consist of paying for checking baggage, booking for seats, connectivity of Wi-Fi (Tsui and Fung 2016). The leaders are taking revenue integrity program so that they can cut across various processes such as ticketing processes, e-ticketing as well as customer relationship management. Crew resource management: It is used to set the training procedures for reducing human errors. It also improves over air safety; customer relationship management focuses on interpersonal communication, decision-making as well as leadership (Ha et al. 2013). Switch to digital: No technological development gives impact on the transportation of air than an adoption of electronic formats for regulatory as well as tracking documents (De Neufville et al. 2013). The switch to the digital documentation has made the business operations of the airline industry faster as well as flexible. The managers, as well as leaders, are racing to keep the airline industry with latest technological development (Wong, Lau and Chan 2013). Technology has evolved rapidly, and it brings various changes within the airline industry. 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